Effect of Binder Ratio and Carbonization Temperature on the Calorific and Mechanical Characteristics of Biocoke from Oil Palm Fronds

Abstract

This study investigates the production and characterization of biocoke derived from oil palm fronds, using carbonized durian seed powder as a binder under varied carbonization temperatures and binder ratios. The experiment was done in laboratory‑scale to determine the optimal process conditions. Oil palm fronds were carbonized at temperatures of 400°C, 450°C, and 500°C, then mixed with durian seeds at ratios of 5%, 10%, and 15%. The mixture was molded and compacted at temperatures of 150–200°C under a pressure of 10–20 MPa. Data biocoke produced were assessed based on moisture content, ash content, calorific value, and mechanical strength. Result showed that by increasing carbonization temperature from 400 °C to 500 °C, could enhanced the fixed carbon, reduced ash content, and improved calorific value of biocoke. By adjusting the binder ratio from 5% to 15% increased water content and calorific value. Meanwhile, the excessive binder ratio (15%) lowered mechanical strength, likely due to higher residual moisture. The best characteristics energy performance and mechanical integrity was achieved at 500 °C with a 10% binder ratio. In conclusion, oil palm fronds waste and durian seeds can be processed into an environmentally friendly and sustainable biocokes. These findings demonstrate a practical pathway to valorise agricultural biomass residues and locally available biogenic binders into biocokes serves as a sustainable, lower-CO2, and coal-reducing alternative to traditional coke in thermal combustions.

Keywords: Biocoke; Oil palm fronds; Durian seed binder; Carbonization; Calorific value.